Infections of the orbit and periorbita are relatively frequent, and can cause significant local and systemic morbidity. Loss of vision occurs in more than 10% of patients, and systemic sequelae can include meningitis, intracranial abscess, and death. Numerous organisms infect the orbit, but the most common are bacteria. There are many methods through which orbital infections occur, with infection from the neighboring ethmoid sinuses the most likely cause for all age groups. Prompt management is essential in suspected orbital cellulitis, and involves urgent intravenous antibiotics, rehydration, and treatment of any co‑ existent underlying systemic disease, e. g., diabetes, renal failure. This review summarizes the common infectious processes of the orbit in both pediatric and adult groups. We review pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and treatment for infectious orbital processes.

Preseptal and orbital cellulitis occur more commonly in children than adults. The history and physical examination are crucial in distinguishing between preseptal and orbital cellulitis. The orbital septum delineates the anterior eyelid soft tissues from the orbital soft tissue. Infections anterior to the orbital septum are classified as preseptal cellulitis and those posterior to the orbital septum are termed orbital cellulitis. Recognition of orbital involvement is important not only because of the threatened vision loss associated with orbital cellulitis but also because of the potential for central nervous system complications including cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and death. Orbital imaging should be obtained in all patients suspected of having orbital cellulitis. CT is preferred to MR imaging, as the orbital tissues have high con-trast and the bone can be well visualized. Orbital CT scanning allows localization of the disease process to the preseptal area, the extraconal or intraconal fat, or the subperiosteal space. Axial CT views allow evaluation of the medial orbit and ethmoid sinuses, whereas coronal scans image the orbital roof and floor and the frontal and maxillary sinuses. If direct coronal imaging is not possible, reconstruction of thin axial cuts may help the assessment of the orbital roof and floor. Potential sources of orbital cellulitis such as sinusitis, dental infection, and facial cellulitis are often detectable on CT imaging. In this presentation, the imaging considerations of the orbital infections; including imaging differentiation criteria of all types of orbital infections are reviewed.

Infections of the orbit and periorbita are relatively frequent. Identifying unusual organisms is crucial because they can cause severe local and systemic morbidity, despite their rarity. Opportunistic infections of the orbit should be considered mainly in debilitated or immunocompromised patients. The key to successful management includes a high index of suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and addressing the underlying systemic disease. This review summarizes unusual infectious processes of the orbit, including mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, as well as their pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and treatment.

We describe a 72 years old lady with chief complain of headache, ptosis, partial 3rd nerve palsy and visual loss of left eye, biochemistrywas normal except to mild hyperglycemia, work up of vasculitis was negative with normal E.S.R. MRI showed sphenoid mucocel, orbit at sign was improved with nasal endoscopic drainage of mucocel.      

Background: Disability is a relatively common problem in children. The pattern of admission in these children and their common infections may differ from other children because of their special disabilities.Objectives: We aimed to determine common infectious diseases resulting in admission of these children to our hospital.Patients and Methods: Between September 2006 and September 2007, 60 disabled children aged between 4 months and 15 years were admitted to infectious ward of Mofid children hospital Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire was filled at the time of admission, containing particular details of their recent complaint. They were completely examined and the final diagnosis was established at the time of discharge.Results: In this study 25 (42%) boys and 35 (58%) girls aged from 4 to168 months were included. The patients were divided practically into three groups: 21 patients (35%) with physical or developmental disabilities, 8 (13%) patients with mental or behavioral disabilities, and 31 (52%) patients with both developmental and mental disabilities. The common diseases among these children were lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in 24 patients (40%), urinary tract infections (UTI) in 8 patients (13.3%), and nonspecific infections in 9 patients (15%). Dental caries and periodontal problems were significantly higher in children having both mental and developmental disabilities this correlation was similar between different types of disability and skeletal deformity (P = 0.006). Children having both mental and developmental disabilities were admitted more than children with either of those disabilities (P = 0.08).Conclusions: Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common reasons for admission of these children in our study, but we found no significant correlation between the type of disability and one special infectious disease. We need more prospective studies to complete our findings.

Purpose: To report a 12-year-old patient with a rapid growing orbital mass and imaging findings suggestive of rhabdomyosarcoma that was found to be dirofilariasis after mass resection. Case Report: We describe a 12-year-old patient with a rapid growing orbital mass involving medial part of orbit and medial rectus muscle and imaging findings suggestive of rhabdomyosarcoma. Histopathologic examination showed the mass to be composed of granulomatous inflammation and the thread-like object to be Dirofilaria repens. The patient was well post-operation without morbidity. In this paper, we describe distinct clinical features and imaging findings of this interesting case. Conclusion: Deep orbital lesions due to dirofilariasis, as in our case, is extremely rare. It is important to add dirofilariasis to the differential diagnosis of orbital mass lesions. Attention to the imaging clues, as provided in this report, can be helpful.

Background: Vaginitis is a common medical problem in females. Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis are the main etiologies of infectious vaginitis.Objectives: This study was designed to assess the relationship between contraceptive methods and common vaginal infections.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 females were evaluated from December 2012 to February 2013. The researcher-made questionnaire included questions about individual characteristics and contraceptive methods. The participants underwent a gynecological exam. Specimens were collected from posterior fornix of the subjects and polymerase chain reaction assay was done to diagnose vaginitis. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 17) and also descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square, t test and fisher’s exact test). P values of<0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: On the basis of the findings, 43.6% of females suffered from vaginitis. Overall, 65.56% of participants used contraceptive methods. Condom use was the most prevalent method of contraception. A significant relationship was found between suffering from different types of common vaginal infections and using contraceptive methods (P=0.017). The percentage of females with candidiasis amongst hormonal contraceptive users, and the percentage of individuals amongst non-hormonal contraceptive users were higher than the others.Conclusions: Contraceptives can increase the risk of vaginitis. Hence, health care providers should consider the probability of vaginitis in addition to the indications and contraindications of contraceptive methods and should guide couples in taking a step forward for improving their sexual and reproductive health.

Background and Aim: Complication of sinusitis is a medical emergency. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of sinusitis in patients admitted with orbital and intracranial infections.Patients and Methods: A descriptive-retrospective study was conducted from March 2000 to February 2004 on 74 pediatric patients admitted with intracranial and orbital infections. Patient information was analysed by t-test and SPSS V.11.5.Results: Out of 74 patients studied, 17 (22.9%) were diagnosed with sinusitis. Sinusitis was observed in 53.85% and 16.39% of children with orbital and intracranial infections, respectively. Meningitis was the most common intracranial complication (80%). The most common involved sinus was Maxillary Sinus (58.8%). The most common age group for association of sinusitis with orbital and intracranial infection was between 5-11 years.Conclusion: Association of sinusitis, especially with orbital infection in children is common. We recommend sinus imaging in any pediatric patient with orbital infection.

Background and Objectives: Bone marrow transplant patients often rely on catheters for various medical procedures, including the administration of medications and blood draws. However, catheters can sometimes lead to complications and infections, significantly affecting a patient's overall health and recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate common catheter infections in bone marrow transplant patients at Baqai 2 Hospital of Ahvaz.Subjects and Methods This retrospective study included all patients (children/adults) undergoing bone marrow transplants at Bagai 2 Hospital of Ahvaz from 2021 to 2022. Catheter culture results, including bacterial isolation using standard microbiological methods (culture on BA medium, nutrient agar medium, and Cetrimide agar base), were recorded on a researcher-developed checklist. The data were subsequently analyzed using SPSS software, and the rate of catheter infection, as well as other associated factors, were investigated using the chi-square statistical test.Results A total of 138 transplant patients were included in the study, with ages spanning 4 to 69 years. The average length of hospital stay for these patients over the two years was 23.04 days. Patient diagnoses varied, with Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma each accounting for 23.08% of cases. AML and neuroblastoma each represented 15.38%, while ALL, PCSNSL, and thalassemia major each made up 7.7% of the cohort. Regarding catheter cultures, there were no positive cultures in 2021. However, in 2022, the prevalence of positive cultures was 8.30% (0.002%-38.47%), which was specifically identified in a 52-year-old patient with diabetes.Conclusion Underlying disease in bone marrow transplant patients can play an important role in catheter infections.